Control Structure I

This is a paradigm for directing the flow of a program in a specific direction. To master the material on control structures in PHP programming, there are several key points that need to be understood.

Control structures are divided into two categories:

Branching Structure
Looping Structure

Conditional Structure (Conditional Statement)

Branching Constructs & Program Block

A branching construct is a program that, when executed, creates branches into sub-branches containing a program block based on the specified conditions and logic. In PHP, branching constructs are generally created using the keywords if, else if, and else. Here’s a table illustrating this:

IF/ELSE IF/ELSE Tabel:

Information	Keyword
There is 1 decision option	if
There is 2 decision option	if/else
There are more than 2 decision options	if/else if/else

Tabel keyword SWITCH CASE

Information	Keyword
Decision selection options	switch
Decision choice	case
Default decision choice	default
Stop the decision and end the decision selection	break

A program block contains a set of expressions and statements for the computer to execute. In PHP, a program block is identified by a colon (“:”) followed by an indentation after the declaration of constructs like if, else if, else, for, while, or during function definitions. The program block under the if condition will execute if the condition evaluates to True.

The program block under the else if condition (which stands for “else if”) will execute if the previous conditions do not hold true, and this condition can evaluate to true.

The program block under the else condition will execute when the previous conditions (if/else if) evaluate to False.

Here’s a simple example of a program using branching constructs with comparison operators:

Code Editor:

<?php

$credits = 45;

if ($credits >= 120) {           // Entering IF Block
    echo("Senior");              // Inside IF Block
} else if ($credits >= 90) {     // Entering ELIF Block
    echo("Junior");              // Inside ELIF Block
} else {                         // Entering ELSE Block
    echo("New College Student"); // Inside ELSE Block
}

?>

Here is a simple example of a switch-case branching construction:

Code Editor:

<?php

$status = 2;
    
switch($status) {                 // Entering Switch Case Block
    
    case 0:                       // Entering Case 0 Block
        printf("OFF\n");          // Inside Case 0 Block
        break;                    // Stop and exit Switch Case

    case 1:                       // Entering Case 1 Block
        printf("ON\n");           // Inside Case 1 Block
        break;                    // Stop and exit Switch Case

    case 2:                       // Entering Case 2 Block
        printf("STAND BY\n");     // Inside Case 2 Block

    case 3:                       // Entering Case 3 Block
        printf("FINISH\n");       // Inside Case 3 Block
        break;                    // Stop and exit Switch Case

    default:                      // Entering Default Block
        printf("UNKNOWN\n");      // Inside Default Block
        break;                    // Stop and exit Switch Case

}

?>

Output:

1 2	STAND BY FINISH

Nested Conditional

Nested conditional refers to the concept or paradigm where one branching construct exists within another branching construct in a program. Nested branching is commonly found in more complex or intricate code. Here’s an example of a nested conditional:

Code Editor:

<?php

$credits = 125;

if ($credits >= 120) {              // Entering IF Block
    if ($credits > 120) {           // Entering Nested IF Block within IF Block
        printf("Older Senior");     // Inside Nested IF Block
    } else {                        // Entering Nested ELSE Block within IF Block
        printf("Younger Senior");   // Inside Nested ELSE Block
    }                               // End of Nested ELSE Block
} else if ($credits >= 90) {        // Entering ELSE IF Block
    if ($credits > 90) {            // Entering Nested IF Block within ELSE IF Block
        printf("Older Junior");     // Inside Nested IF Block
    } else {                        // Entering Nested ELSE Block within ELSE IF Block
        printf("Younger Junior");   // Inside Nested ELSE Block
    }                               // End of Nested ELSE Block
} else {                            // Entering ELSE Block
    printf("New College Student");  // Inside ELSE Block
}

?>

Output:

1	Older Senior

Complex Logical Conditional Statement

A complex logical conditional statement is a branching paradigm that incorporates specific logic to achieve a more refined flow in the code. Generally, to create a more targeted flow, programmers tend to prefer complex logical conditional statements over nested conditionals to keep the code concise and facilitate easier maintenance in the future. To create a complex logical conditional statement, you need to add logical operators within the if/else if statements, as illustrated in the following example:

Code Editor:

<?php

$credits = 95;

if (($credits > 122) && ($credits <= 144)) {
    printf("Older Senior");
} else if (($credits >= 120) && ($credits <= 122)) {
    printf("Younger Senior");
} else if (($credits > 90) && ($credits < 120)) {
    printf("Older Junior");
} else if (($credits <= 90) && ($credits > 24)) {
    printf("Younger Junior");
} else {
    printf("New College Student");
}

?>

Output:

1	Older Junior

Exercise

Work on the Following Exercises to Test Your Understanding of Control Structures.

Exercise 1

Create a program to determine if a number is odd or even based on user input.

Clue: Use Arithmetic Operators

INPUT:
Any number

PROCESS:
Filter whether the number is odd or even

OUTPUT:
Display the result as odd/even

Exercise 2

Create a program to categorize the age input provided by the user (age input cannot be negative).

Baby = 0 - 1
Toddler = 2 - 3
Preschooler = 4 - 5
Child = 6 - 12
Teenager = 13 - 17
Young Adult = 18 - 21
Pre-adult = 22 - 30
Adult = 31 - 50
Pre-elderly = 51 - 70
Elderly = 71 and above

INPUT:
Age

PROCESS:
Filter to determine the age category

OUTPUT:
Category resulting from the filter

Exercise 3

Create a program to perform temperature conversions:

Celsius to Fahrenheit
Celsius to Kelvin
Fahrenheit to Celsius
Fahrenheit to Kelvin
Kelvin to Celsius
Kelvin to Fahrenheit

Search for conversion formulas in online site, then allow the user to choose one of the six options and display the conversion result.

INPUT:

Temperature (Degrees Celsius/Fahrenheit/Kelvin)
Selected menu option

PROCESS:
Perform the following temperature conversions:

Celsius to Fahrenheit
Celsius to Kelvin
Fahrenheit to Celsius
Fahrenheit to Kelvin
Kelvin to Celsius
Kelvin to Fahrenheit

OUTPUT:
Temperature (Degrees Celsius/Fahrenheit/Kelvin)

Exercise 4

Create a program to determine the type of triangle based on the lengths of its three sides, which are input by the user. After the user finishes inputting, the program should print what type of triangle it is.

Equilateral
Isosceles
Not a Triangle
Scalene
Right-angled (Clue: using the angle) —> bonus points

Be careful in determining the conditions, as entering 1, 2, and 3 as the sides will not form a triangle.

INPUT:

Side A
Side B
Side C

PROCESS:
Filter the type of triangle based on the three sides provided

OUTPUT:
Display the type of triangle (equilateral/isosceles/not a triangle/scalene/right-angled)

Exercise 5

Create a branching program to determine the solutions of a quadratic equation using the discriminant.

If the discriminant is greater than 0, it has two distinct roots.
If the discriminant is less than 0, it has imaginary roots.
If the discriminant equals 0, it has a double root.
Be careful if a=0, as this does not represent a quadratic equation.

INPUT:

Value A
Value B
Value C

PROCESS:
Filter the value of A to check if it is 0. If it is not, calculate the discriminant using the quadratic formula. Use the result to filter the type of roots (distinct roots/imaginary roots/double root).

OUTPUT:
If there are distinct roots:

Print “It has distinct roots”
Print the quadratic equation
Print the discriminant value
Print the value of root x1
Print the value of root x2