Statistics Lab Work 1

Created2022-09-15|Updated2022-09-15|Lab Work

|Word Count:333|Reading Time:2mins|Post Views:

Introduction to R & R Studio

R (also known as GNU S) is a programming language and software for statistical analysis and graphics. It was created by Ross Ihaka and Robert Gentleman at the University of Auckland, New Zealand, and is now developed by the R Development Core Team, which includes Chambers. R is partially named after its creators (Robert Gentleman and Ross Ihaka) and partially as a play on the name S.

R has become the de facto standard among statisticians for developing statistical software and is widely used for statistical software development and data analysis. R is part of the GNU project. Its source code is freely available under the GNU General Public License, and precompiled binary versions are available for various operating systems. R primarily uses a command-line interface, although several graphical user interfaces are also available.

R provides a variety of statistical techniques (linear and nonlinear modeling, classical statistical tests, time series analysis, classification, clustering, etc.) and graphics. Like S, R is designed as a true programming language, allowing users to extend its capabilities by defining new functions. Another major strength of R is its graphical facilities, which produce publication-quality graphs that can include mathematical symbols. R features documentation formats similar to LaTeX, used to provide comprehensive documentation both online (in various formats) and in print.

RStudio is an integrated development environment (IDE) specifically for the R programming language. This software provides an R console, a code editor with syntax highlighting, code completion, and direct execution, along with an environment, history, connections, and additional features such as a file manager, package manager, help system, plot viewer, and project versioning using Git. RStudio actually has two versions: an open-source (free) version and a commercial edition (paid). RStudio is not limited to desktop applications; there is also RStudio Server, which can be accessed via a web browser connected to a network. For now, the version of RStudio discussed will be the open-source desktop version only.

MODULE

Download Module 1

Author: Azhar Rizki Zulma

Link: https://blog.zulma.id/posts/Statistics-Lab-Work-1/

Copyright Notice: All articles on this blog are licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 unless otherwise stated.

Trisakti Subject Statistics

Related Articles

Statistics Lab Work 2

Data TypesIn programming languages, data types are categories that define the nature of data based on the logical operations that can be performed on them. Data types can be divided into several categories, including Character, Numeric, and List types. There are also complex data types, such as Data Frames. In the R programming language, there are various data types that can be used for analysis. Additionally, data types in R share similarities with those in older programming languages, such...

Statistics Lab Work 3

Merge DataMerge Data is an operation that combines data from two data frames that have the same columns or rows. Data merging can be performed using the rbind() function for rows and cbind() for columns in the R programming language. Sort DataSort Data is an operation that arranges data in ascending order (from smallest to largest) or descending order (from largest to smallest). Data sorting can be done using the order() function in R. DatasetDownload Dataset MODULEDownload Module 3

Statistics Lab Work 4

Estimation of Population ParametersThe estimation of population parameters discussed here is limited to the case of estimating the mean of a population for numerical data and estimating the proportion of a population for categorical data. The population mean (µ) is estimated by the sample mean (x̅ or x-bar) ± MOE (margin of error). The population proportion (p) is estimated by the sample proportion (p̂) ± MOE. A simple illustration is in the case of estimating the pH level of bottled...

Statistics Lab Work 5

One-Sample Mean TestHypothesis testing regarding the mean can use the Normal distribution (commonly referred to as the Z-test) or the T distribution (commonly referred to as the t-test), depending on whether the population standard deviation (σ) is known or not. MODULEDownload Module 5

Statistics Lab Work 6

Box PlotA box plot (or boxplot), also known as a box-and-whisker diagram, is a graphical technique in descriptive statistics used to visually depict numerical data through five measures as follows: Minimum value (the smallest observation) First quartile (Q1), which cuts off the lowest 25% of the data Median (Q2), or the middle value Third quartile (Q3), which cuts off the highest 25% of the data Maximum value (the largest observation) HistogramA histogram is a type of statistical graph...

Statistics Lab Work 7

Data Preprocessing Using PythonData Preprocessing is an initial stage in data processing before applying machine learning algorithms. The data we typically use in daily life, whether from databases, Excel files, or other sources, is often unstructured (the data is imperfect). For example, a dataset may contain missing values, different data types, and so on. These issues need to be addressed first to make the data we manage easier to handle and to ensure the output meets our...

Comments

Loading Database